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Ridgeway Rules of Evidence

Unified Court System · cited as Rid. R. Evid. · 2026 edition

As adopted July 31, 2026

Contents

TITLE ONEGENERAL PROVISIONS

  • 101Title; Scope
  • 102Definitions
  • 103Rulings on Evidence, Objections, and Offers of Proof
  • 104Preliminary Questions
  • 105Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes
  • 106Doctrine of Completeness

TITLE TWOJUDICIAL NOTICE

  • 201Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts
  • 202Judicial Notice of Law

TITLE THREEINFERENCES, PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE, AND PRESUMPTIONS

  • 301Civil Proceedings
  • 302Criminal Proceedings

TITLE FOURRELEVANCY AND ITS LIMITS

  • 401Test for Relevant Evidence
  • 402General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence
  • 403Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons
  • 404Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts
  • 406Routine Practice of a Business; Habit of an Individual
  • 407Subsequent Remedial Measures
  • 408Compromise Offers and Negotiations in Civil Cases
  • 409Expressions of Sympathy in Civil Cases; Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses
  • 410Pleas, Offers of Pleas, and Related Statements

TITLE FIVEPRIVILEGES AND DISQUALIFICATION

  • 501Privileges
  • 502Privileges Recognized Only as Provided
  • 503Attorney-Client Privilege
  • 504Work Product; Trial Preparation Material
  • 505Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
  • 506Investigatory Privilege
  • 507Classified Information
  • 508Political Voter Disqualification
  • 509Waiver of Privilege
  • 510Judicial Deliberation Privilege
  • 511Secrecy of Grand Jury Proceedings

TITLE SIXWITNESSES

  • 601Competency
  • 602Need for Personal Knowledge
  • 603Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully
  • 604Interpreters
  • 605Competency of Judge as Witness
  • 606Juror’s Competency as a Witness
  • 607Who May Impeach a Witness
  • 608A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness
  • 609Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime
  • 610Opinions
  • 611Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence
  • 612Writing or Object Used to Refresh Memory
  • 613Prior Statements of Witnesses, Limited Admissibility
  • 614Calling and Examination of Witnesses by Court or Jurors
  • 615Sequestration of Witnesses

TITLE SEVENOPINION AND EXPERT EVIDENCE

  • 701Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses
  • 702Testimony by Expert Witnesses
  • 703Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts
  • 704Opinion on Ultimate Issue
  • 705Disclosure of Facts or Data Underlying Expert Opinion
  • 706Court-Appointed Experts

TITLE EIGHTHEARSAY

  • 801Definitions
  • 802The Rule Against Hearsay
  • 803Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial
  • 804Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable
  • 805Hearsay Within Hearsay
  • 806Attacking and Supporting Credibility of Hearsay Declarant

TITLE NINEAUTHENTICATION AND IDENTIFICATION

  • 901Authenticating or Identifying Evidence
  • 902Evidence That Is Self-Authenticating

TITLE TENCONTENTS OF WRITINGS AND RECORDS

  • 1001Definitions That Apply to This Article
  • 1003Admissibility of Duplicates
  • 1004Admissibility of Other Evidence of Content
  • 1005Official Records
  • 1006Summaries to Prove Content
  • 1007Testimony or Statement of Party to Prove Content
  • 1008Functions of Judge and Fact Finder

TITLE ELEVENMISCELLANEOUS RULES

  • 1101Spoliation or Destruction of Evidence
  • 1102Witness Cooperation Agreements
  • 1103Third-Party Culprit Evidence
  • 1104Inadequate Police Investigation Evidence
  • 1105Consciousness of Guilt or Liability
  • 1106Missing Witness
  • 1107Opening Statement and Closing Argument; Applicable to Criminal and Civil Cases
  • 1108Electronic, Recorded, and In-Game Evidence
  • 1109Chain of Custody

Promulgation and amendment

Renumbered upon the Federal article scheme; conformed to 6 R. Stat. §§ 131.204 and 131.501.

Adopted by the Supreme Court of the State of Ridgeway through the Judicial Conference on Friday, July 31, 2026, under Const. art. V § 9 and 3 R. Stat. § 121.106, and operative from that date. These Rules summarize the law of evidence applied in proceedings in the courts of the State of Ridgeway.

These Rules were adopted by the Supreme Court of the State of Ridgeway, sitting through the Judicial Conference, on Friday, July 31, 2026, under Const. art. V § 9 and 3 R. Stat. § 121.106, and are operative from that date. They summarize the law of evidence applied in proceedings in the courts of the State as set forth in state statutes, common law, and rules of the court, and as required by the Constitution of the State of Ridgeway.

These Rules are numbered upon the article scheme by which rules of evidence are conventionally cited: each Title occupies a hundred-block, so that the 100s are general provisions, the 400s relevancy, the 500s privileges, the 600s witnesses, the 700s opinion and expert evidence, the 800s hearsay, the 900s authentication, the 1000s the contents of writings and records, and the 1100s the miscellaneous rules. Where a rule is the analogue of a Federal Rule of Evidence it bears that number; numbers for which this State has no analogue are left unused.

Rules 101(5), 103(18), 302(9), 609(2), 611(7), 615(1), 615(3), 802(4), 804(2), 1101(7), 1105(4), 1105(6), and 1107(2) were amended to conform them to 6 R. Stat. § 131.501 as enacted by § 4 of the Criminal Trial Presence and Default Reform Act (S12-13). Rules 101(5) and 802(5) were further amended to conform them to 6 R. Stat. §§ 131.204 and 131.204(b) as amended and enacted by the Act designated S12-20.

Nothing in these Rules abridges, enlarges, or modifies a substantive right, as 3 R. Stat. § 121.106(b) requires.

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